I. Introduction IN 1953 lohn Morris, an obstetrician at Yale University, reported a series of 82
individuals (80 cases collated from the literature and two cases of his own) who had a …

The action of androgens in regulating development and growth is mediated by androgen
receptor (AR). AR is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily, a class of …

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor
gene and is associated with a variety of phenotypes in 46, XY individuals, ranging from …

Differences of Sex Development (DSD) includes a wide spectrum of etiologies and
phenotypes. A subset of individuals with DSDs are predisposed to gonadal germ cell tumor …

The androgen receptor (AR) and the androgen–AR signaling pathway play a significant role
in male sexual differentiation and the development and function of male reproductive and …

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is the most common specific cause of 46, XY disorder
in sex development. The androgen signaling pathway is complex but so far, the only gene …

Cryptorchidism or an undescended testis is the most common disorder of the male
endocrine glands in children. One third of boys with true cryptorchidism have bilaterally …

In the genetic male, mutations of the androgen receptor (AR) gene cause phenotypes
ranging from female to subfertile male. Binding assays on genital skin fibroblasts and DNA …

Androgens are an important class of C19 steroid hormones that control normal male
development and reproductive function. The main circulating androgen is testosterone …

Purpose: Hypospadias has no known single etiology but it has been linked to androgen
insensitivity caused by mutations of the androgen receptor gene. The purpose of this study …