The interactions between ants and certain sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera are
classic examples of food-for-protection mutualisms. In these associations, herbivorous …

This review investigates ant–aphid mutualism (trophobiosis), in particular focusing on
evolutionary processes in aphids resulting from this interaction. This broad literature review …

Biological market theory has been used successfully to explain cooperative behavior in
many animal species. Microbes also engage in cooperative behaviors, both with hosts and …

The aphids are soft-bodied small insects (< 7 mm) and feed by sucking plant sap. They
usually live in colonies on the undersides of leaves or tender terminal shoots. Aphids …

There has long been a fundamental divide in the study of cooperation: researchers focus
either on cooperation within species, including but not limited to sociality, or else on …

Ant colonies provide well-protected and resource-rich environments for a plethora of
symbionts. Historically, most studies of ants and their symbionts have had a narrow …

Mutualistic interactions with microbes have played a crucial role in the evolution and
ecology of animal hosts. However, it is unclear what factors are most important in influencing …

While many studies have demonstrated that ants provide beneficial services to aphids,
Bristow (Ant-plant interactions, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 104–119, 1991) first …

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) have great potential to exert influence over the
morphological evolution of their obligate mutualist partners. Obligately myrmecophilic …

Simple Summary Galls represent an amazing microcosm which contains a variety of multiple
interactions among different actors, and therefore, offers the opportunity to observe and …