Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on
environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes …

Over the coming century humanity may need to find reservoirs to store several trillions of
tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from fossil fuel combustion, which would otherwise …

Understanding the vulnerability of marine calcifiers to ocean acidification is a critical issue,
especially in the Southern Ocean (SO), which is likely to be the one of the first, and most …

The term 'Anthropocene'was first used in the year 2000 to refer to the current time period in
which human impacts are at least as important as natural processes. It is currently being …

Coastal enhanced weathering (CEW) is a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approach whereby
crushed silicate minerals are spread in coastal zones to be naturally weathered by waves …

The total emission mitigation potential achievable by the year 2030, calculated based on
sectoral assessments, is sufficient to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions to half of the …

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are now implicated in exerting significant control over the
form and availability of reactive nitrogen species in marine environments. Detailed studies of …

The dominant external forces influencing the rate of change of the Earth System have been
astronomical and geophysical during the planet's 4.5-billion-year existence. In the last six …

Abstract The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (around 40 million years ago) was a roughly
400,000-year-long global warming phase associated with an increase in atmospheric CO2 …

Multiple natural and anthropogenic processes alter the carbonate chemistry of the coastal
zone in ways that either exacerbate or mitigate ocean acidification effects. Freshwater inputs …