Ribosome-dependent protein biosynthesis is an essential cellular process mediated by
transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Generally, ribosomally synthesized proteins are limited to the 22 …

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) therapeutics will provide personalized and mutation
specific medicines to treat human genetic diseases for which no cures currently exist. The …

Construction of living artificial cells from genes and molecules can expand our
understanding of life system and establish a new aspect of bioengineering. However, growth …

Building a live cell from non‐living building blocks would be a fundamental breakthrough in
biological sciences, and it would enable engineering new lineages of life, not directly …

Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems empower synthetic biologists to build biological
molecules and processes outside of living intact cells. The foundational principle is that …

Self-regeneration is a fundamental function of all living systems. Here we demonstrate
partial molecular self-regeneration in a synthetic cell. By implementing a minimal …

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the most highly modified cellular RNAs, both with respect to the
proportion of nucleotides that are modified within the tRNA sequence and with respect to the …

The genetic code is the foundation for all life. With few exceptions, the translation of nucleic
acid messages into proteins follows conserved rules, which are defined by codons that …

Genetic code expansion (GCE) offers many exciting opportunities for the creation of
synthetic organisms and for drug discovery methods that utilize in vitro translation. One type …

The in vitro reconstruction of life-like self-reproducing systems is a major challenge in in vitro
synthetic biology. Self-reproduction requires regeneration of all molecules involved in DNA …