Research on avian vocalisations has traditionally focused on male song produced by oscine
passerines. However, accumulating evidence indicates that complex vocalisations can …

Growing research on the function of female birdsong now allows for identification of large-
scale patterns emerging in the published literature. We conducted a review that analysed …

Social interactions are central in the lives of many animals. Social partners can lower
individual stress levels (Rault, 2012), a process known in humans and primates as social …

Acoustic communication is vital to complex social behaviours such as territorial defence. The
use of ultrasonic vocalizations, particularly in territorial defence by monogamous species …

Bird song is well studied in males as a sexually selected behavior. However, although song
is also common among females, it is infrequently examined and poorly understood …

Highlights•Our understanding of female signals and sex differences is still limited.•We used
a mirror image test to study whether plumage colour signals aggression.•Both sexes were …

Highlights•Although understudied, recent studies suggest that female birdsong is
widespread.•We compared male and female song using a novel statistical equivalence …

Though well studied in males, little is known about the factors influencing variation in
expression of exaggerated traits such as intense aggression, elaborate ornaments, and …

Birdsong is a particularly useful model for animal communication studies. However, current
knowledge is derived mainly from the study of male song, and is therefore incomplete. Here …

Duetting is a collective behavior and might have multiple functions, including joint territory
defense and mate guarding. An important step toward understanding the adaptive function …