All living things depend on their natural environment, either directly or indirectly, for their
high quality of life, growth, nutrition, and development. Due to the fast emissions of …

Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems,
providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as …

While marine kelp forests have provided valuable ecosystem services for millennia, the
global ecological and economic value of those services is largely unresolved. Kelp forests …

Aim Macroalgal habitats are believed to be the most extensive and productive of all coastal
vegetated ecosystems. In stark contrast to the growing attention on their contribution to …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged extreme oceanic warm water events. They can
have devastating impacts on marine ecosystems—for example, causing mass coral …

Coastal zones, the world's most densely populated regions, are increasingly threatened by
climate change stressors—rising and warming seas, intensifying storms and droughts, and …

Kelp forests represent some of the most diverse and productive habitats on Earth, and
provide a range of ecosystem goods and services on which human populations depend. As …

Kelp forest ecosystems and their associated ecosystem services are declining around the
world. In response, marine managers are working to restore and counteract these declines …

Abstract The term 'Blue Carbon'was coined about a decade ago to highlight the important
carbon sequestration capacity of coastal vegetated ecosystems. The term has paved the …