Agriculture is expanding into regions that are affected by salinity. This review considers the
energetic costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants and provides a framework for a …

In salinized soils in which chloride (Cl−) is the dominant salt anion, growth of plants that
tolerate only low concentrations of salt (glycophytes) is disturbed by Cl− toxicity. Chlorotic …

The functions of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, boron, and chlorine in
plants are discussed. Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in redox systems in cells and various …

Soil and water salinity substantially constrain crop and biomass production. Research over
the last two plus decades, facilitated by advances in molecular genetics and biotechnology …

Mechanisms of Cl‐transport in plants are poorly understood, despite the importance of
minimizing Cl‐toxicity for salt tolerance. This review summarizes Cl‐transport processes in …

The apoplast is an interconnected compartment with a thin water-film that alkalinizes under
stress. This systemic pH increase may be a secondary effect without functional implications …

Homeostasis, a set-value for metabolism under optimal conditions, is rarely achieved by
plants because of the cost exerted by external stress factors: climatic, biotic, and nutrient …

Using the scanning ion-selective electrode technique, fluxes of H+, Na+, and Cl− were
investigated in roots and derived protoplasts of salt-tolerant Populus euphratica and salt …

Chloride (Cl−) has traditionally been considered a micronutrient largely excluded by plants
due to its ubiquity and abundance in nature, its antagonism with nitrate (NO3−), and its …

In the past 5–10 years, the power of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its numerous
derivatives has been harnessed toward the development of genetically encoded fluorescent …