Peroxynitrite is a short-lived and reactive biological oxidant formed from the diffusion-
controlled reaction of the free radicals superoxide (O2•–) and nitric oxide (• NO). In this …

Proteins are major targets for radicals and two-electron oxidants in biological systems due to
their abundance and high rate constants for reaction. With highly reactive radicals damage …

Cysteine is one of the least abundant amino acids, yet it is frequently found as a highly
conserved residue within functional (regulatory, catalytic, or binding) sites in proteins. It is …

The thioredoxin (Trx) system, which is composed of NADPH, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR),
and thioredoxin, is a key antioxidant system in defense against oxidative stress through its …

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of cysteine-dependent peroxidase enzymes
that play dominant roles in regulating peroxide levels within cells. These enzymes, often …

There is a vast literature on the generation and effects of reactive oxygen species in
biological systems, both in relation to damage they cause and their involvement in cell …

Significance: Disulfides are important building blocks in the secondary and tertiary structures
of proteins, serving as inter-and intra-subunit cross links. Disulfides are also the major …

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) contain an active site cysteine that is sensitive to oxidation by H 2 O 2.
Mammalian cells express six Prx isoforms that are localized to various cellular …

Background Reactive oxygen species-mediated cysteine sulfenic acid modification has
emerged as an important regulatory mechanism in cell signaling. The stability of sulfenic …

Exposure of cells to sublethal oxidative stress results in the modulation of various signaling
pathways. Oxidants can activate and inactivate transcription factors, membrane channels …