A digital twin is a computer-based digital representation that simulates the behavior of a
physical system. Digital twins help users to interact with real-world processes digitally. Time …

An observer-based q-Markov Covariance equivalent realization (QMC) formulation is
presented in the paper. It is shown that by inserting an observer in the input–output …

Vehicle wheel traction forces play an important role in vehicle performance, especially for
four-wheel-drive vehicles, where a transfer case clutch is used to distribute torque between …

Vehicle energy consumption model, as a function of its operational environment, plays a
significant role in real-time optimization of vehicle route and speed for a given pair of origin …

This research investigates the discrete-time adaptive backstep** control to track the
reference clutch torque and estimate the clutch touchpoint displacement simultaneously for …

Spark ignition engines are often desired to be operated close to their knock borderline when
MBT (maximum brake torque) cannot be achieved for optimizing combustion efficiency …

An efficient q-Markov covariance equivalent realization (QMC) formulation is presented in
this paper. This efficient solution matches all Markov and Covariance parameters of a finite …

Spark ignition engines are often calibrated to operate as close to its knock borderline as
possible when MBT (maximum brake torque) cannot be achieved. However, the existing …