Adaptive Optics (AO) retinal imaging has provided revolutionary tools to scientists and
clinicians for studying retinal structure and function in the living eye. From animal models to …

Lipofuscin accumulates with age as intracellular fluorescent granules originating from
incomplete lysosomal digestion of phagocytosed and autophagocytosed material. The …

Background Noninvasive assessment of metabolic processes that sustain regeneration of
human retinal visual pigments (visual cycle) is essential to improve ophthalmic diagnostics …

In vivo fundus imaging offers non-invasive access to neuron structures and biochemical
processes in the retina. However, optical aberrations of the eye degrade the imaging …

Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) allows visualization of the living
human retina with exquisite single-cell resolution. This technology has improved our …

Vision loss caused by retinal diseases affects hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide.
The retina is a delicate central nervous system tissue stratified into layers of cells with …

Intravital microscopy (IVM) expands our understanding of cellular and molecular processes,
with applications ranging from fundamental biology to (patho) physiology and immunology …

Abstract Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a powerful tool for imaging and exploring label-free
biological tissues at high resolution. Although this type of microscopy has been …

Dual-comb interferometry harnesses the interference of two laser frequency combs to
provide unprecedented capability in spectroscopy applications. In the past decade, the state …

Retinal function has long been studied with psychophysical methods in humans, whereas
detailed functional studies of vision have been conducted mostly in animals owing to the …