In the rapidly evolving mountain cryosphere, snow avalanches threaten livelihoods,
settlements and infrastructure. In this Review, we analyse past and projected impacts of …

Large-scale millennial length Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature reconstructions have
been progressively improved over the last 20 years as new datasets have been developed …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Earth's climate history is often understood by breaking it down into constituent climatic
epochs. Over the Common Era (the past 2,000 years) these epochs, such as the Little Ice …

Climate warming during the course of the twenty-first century is projected to be between 1.0
and 3.7° C depending on future greenhouse gas emissions, based on the ensemble-mean …

Multidecadal surface temperature changes may be forced by natural as well as
anthropogenic factors, or arise unforced from the climate system. Distinguishing these …

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North
Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target of ongoing research …

Reproducible climate reconstructions of the Common Era (1 CE to present) are key to
placing industrial-era warming into the context of natural climatic variability. Here we present …

This article provides a brief introduction to the physical science of climate change, aimed
towards economists. We begin by describing the physics that controls global climate, how …

The climate of the past millennium provides a baseline for understanding the background of
natural climate variability upon which current anthropogenic changes are superimposed. As …