COVID-19 is a multisystemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The immunopathogenic conditions of the hyperinflammatory …

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, rapidly spread worldwide, causing an ongoing global
pandemic. While the respiratory system is the most common site of infection, a significant …

Angiotensin and kinin metabolic pathways are reported to be altered by many diseases,
including COVID-19. Monitoring levels of these peptide metabolites is important for …

Microcirculatory and coagulation disturbances commonly occur as pathological
manifestations of systemic viral infections. Research exploring the role of the kallikrein–kinin …

Proteases are produced and released in the mucosal cells of the respiratory tract and have
important physiological functions, for example, maintaining airway humidification to allow …

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection causes disruptions in inflammatory pathways, which fundamentally
contribute to COVID‐19 pathophysiology. The present review critically evaluates the gaps in …

In addition to crucial roles in normal human biology, peptide metabolites of the renin–
angiotensin (RAS) and kallikrein–kinin systems (KKS) have been reported to be altered in …

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common as well as leading
causes of mortality worldwide, and sorafenib is the first-line treatment in HCC patients …

Background Thromboinflammation plays a central role in severe COVID‐19. The kallikrein
pathway activates both inflammatory pathways and contact‐mediated coagulation. We …

SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in long COVID, characterized by post-acute symptoms from
multiple organs. Current hypotheses on mechanisms underlying long COVID include …