Conventional vaccine strategies have been highly efficacious for several decades in
reducing mortality and morbidity due to infectious diseases. The bane of conventional …

Bioactive peptides are actively involved in different biological functions and importantly
contribute to human health, and the use of peptides as therapeutics has a long successful …

Human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) target and
kill HIV-infected cells expressing cognate viral epitopes. This response selects for escape …

Background HLA class-I alleles differ in their ability to control HIV replication through cell-
mediated immune responses. No consistent associations have been found between the …

Immunogenicity of HIV-1 mRNA vaccine regimens was analyzed in a non-human primate
animal model. Rhesus macaques immunized with mRNA in lipid nanoparticle (mRNA/LNP) …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mutations that confer escape from cytotoxic T-
lymphocyte (CTL) recognition can sometimes result in lower viral fitness. These mutations …

The control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated with particular HLA
class I alleles suggests that some CD8+ T-cell responses may be more effective than others …

ABSTRACT HIV-1 transmission and viral evolution in the first year of infection were studied
in 11 individuals representing four transmitter-recipient pairs and three independent …

Abstract Analysis of the bat viruses most closely related to SARS‐CoV‐2 indicated that the
virus probably required limited adaptation to spread in humans. Nonetheless, since its …

RNA viruses have high rate of replication and mutation that help them adapt and change
according to their environmental conditions. Many viral mutants are the cause of various …