Since DSM-IV was published in 1994, its approach to substance use disorders has come
under scrutiny. Strengths were identified (notably, reliability and validity of dependence), but …

Background Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) aims to temporarily replace much of the
nicotine from cigarettes to reduce motivation to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms …

Background Craving is viewed as a major determinant of relapse in persons with substance
addiction, but this association remains poorly understood due to its time-limited nature and …

Theoretical models of addiction suggest that attentional bias for substance-related cues
should be associated with self-reported craving. The authors evaluated the strength of the …

Smoking is highly prevalent across most anxiety disorders. Tobacco use increases risk for
the later development of certain anxiety disorders, and smokers with anxiety disorders have …

Craving to smoke is often conceptualized and measured as a tonic, slowly changing state
induced by abstinence. In this article, we review the literature on the existence, causes, and …

Measures of subjective drug craving—often defined as the experience of an intense or
compelling urge or desire—may be used to predict relapse, evaluate psychological and …

Dual-process theories of learning and addiction propose that whereas freely elected
drug/reward-seeking is goal-directed in being mediated by the expected value of the …

Introduction: Craving is often portrayed as a defining feature of addiction, but the role of
craving in the addictive process is controversial. Particularly contentious is the extent to …

Aims In this study, we examine gender differences in smoking cessation with and without
treatment with Bupropion SR. We test whether women and men have comparable success …