All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately
respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern …

Multiple modes of cell death have been identified, each with a unique function and each
induced in a setting-dependent manner. As billions of cells die during mammalian …

The plant immune system is fundamental for plant survival in natural ecosystems and for
productivity in crop fields. Substantial evidence supports the prevailing notion that plants …

Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and
temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of …

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Since the completion of
rice reference genome sequences, tremendous progress has been achieved in …

Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops.
Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion …

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating disease of citrus, caused by the phloem-colonizing
bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Here, we present evidence that HLB is …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all
eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the …

Perception of biotic and abiotic stresses often leads to stomatal closure in plants,. Rapid
influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) across the plasma membrane has an important role in this …

Plants constantly monitor and cope with the fluctuating environment while hosting a diversity
of plant‐inhabiting microbes. The mode and outcome of plant–microbe interactions …