Antibiotics are powerful drugs used in the treatment of bacterial infections. The inappropriate
use of these medicines has driven the dissemination of antibiotic resistance (AR) in most …

Epistasis occurs when the effect of a mutation depends on its carrier's genetic background.
Despite increasing evidence that epistasis for fitness is common, its role during evolution is …

Prolonged high-temperature extreme events in the ocean, marine heatwaves, can have
severe and long-lasting impacts on marine ecosystems, fisheries and associated services …

Protein engineering has enormous academic and industrial potential. However, it is limited
by the lack of experimental assays that are consistent with the design goal and sufficiently …

The genotype–fitness map (that is, the fitness landscape) is a key determinant of evolution,
yet it has mostly been used as a superficial metaphor because we know little about its …

Antibiotics target essential cellular functions but bacteria can become resistant by acquiring
either exogenous resistance genes or chromosomal mutations. Resistance mutations …

Understanding the evolution of microorganisms under antibiotic treatments is a burning
issue. Typically, several resistance mutations can accumulate under antibiotic treatment …

In experimental evolution, laboratory-controlled conditions select for the adaptation of
species, which can be monitored in real time. Despite the current popularity of such …

To what extent is the convergent evolution of protein function attributable to convergent or
parallel changes at the amino acid level? The mutations that contribute to adaptive protein …

This review analyzes a development in biochemistry, enzymology and biotechnology that
originally came as a surprise. Following the establishment of directed evolution of …