Cellular Phenotype and Apoptosis: The function of epithelial tissues is the protection of the
organism from chemical, microbial, and physical challenges which is indispensable for …

The periodontium is the whole collagenous apparatus surrounding the tooth structure. It is
necessary to keep the tooth fixed to the underlying alveolar bone and sustained in its place …

Periodontal diseases usually refer to common inflammatory disorders known as gingivitis
and periodontitis, which are caused by a pathogenic microbiota in the subgingival biofilm …

Cigarette smoke (CS) causes considerable morbidity and mortality by inducing cancer,
chronic lung and vascular diseases, and oral disease. Despite the well-recognized risks …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling represents one of the best studied pathways to implement
defense mechanisms against invading microbes in human being as well as in animals …

Berglundh T, Zitzmann NU, Donati M. Are peri‐implantitis lesions different from periodontitis
lesions? J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (Suppl. 11): 188–122. doi: 10.1111/j. 1600‐051X …

Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that much like the rest of our microbiome has a role in health
and disease. Specifically, it is the cause of very common oral diseases such as caries …

Periodontitis is a chronic infection where abnormal host‐microbiota interactions alter the oral
microbiome, trigger a proinflammatory immune response, and cause inflammatory alveolar …

The current paradigm of onset and progression of periodontitis includes oral dysbiosis
directed by inflammophilic bacteria, leading to altered resolution of inflammation and lack of …

Hyperglycemia induces chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging), which is a newly
identified contributor to diabetes-related tissue lesions, including the inflammatory bone loss …