Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

Mountains are key features of the Earth's surface and host a substantial proportion of the
world's species. However, the links between the evolution and distribution of biodiversity …

Uplift and erosion modulate the carbon cycle over geologic timescales by exposing minerals
to chemical weathering. However, the erosion sensitivity of mineral weathering remains …

Mountains are arguably Earth's most striking features. They play a major role in determining
global and regional climates, are the source of most rivers, act as cradles, barriers and …

Increasing Asian dust fluxes, associated with late Cenozoic cooling and intensified
glaciations, are conventionally thought to drive iron fertilization of phytoplankton productivity …

The cryosphere in mountain regions is rapidly declining, a trend that is expected to
accelerate over the next several decades due to anthropogenic climate change. A cascade …

Classroom assessment includes both formative assessment, used to adapt instruction and
help students to improve, and summative assessment, used to assign grades. These two …

Aim To quantify the effect of Pleistocene climate fluctuations on habitat connectivity across
páramos in the Northern Andes. Location Northern Andes. Methods The unique páramos …

The long-term cooling, decline in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and the
establishment of permanent polar ice sheets during the Neogene period, have frequently …

The secular trend of seawater strontium isotope ratio (87 Sr/86 Sr) reflects changes in the
relative contributions of continental versus mantle reservoirs to ocean composition, and …