Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key
ocean climate change indicators:(i) Sea Surface Temperature,(ii) Ocean Heat Content,(iii) …

By synthesizing recent studies employing a wide range of approaches (modern
observations, paleo reconstructions, and climate model simulations), this paper provides a …

There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour
which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe …

Abstract Interactions among the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans through ocean–
atmosphere coupling can initiate and/or modulate climate variability. The Pacific Ocean is …

Climate projections suggest a weakening or collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation (AMOC) under global warming, with evidence that a slowdown is already …

The current generation of climate models does not properly resolve oceanic mesoscale
processes in tropical oceans, such as tropical instability waves. The associated deficit in …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …

The notion that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) can have more than
one stable equilibrium emerged in the 1980s as a powerful hypothesis to explain rapid …

Wind-driven upwelling in the ocean around Antarctica helps regulate the exchange of
carbon dioxide (CO2) between the deep sea and the atmosphere, as well as the supply of …

The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) was the most recent pre-industrial era warm interval
of European climate, yet its driving mechanisms remain uncertain. We present here a 947 …