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Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis
Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among
individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which …
individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which …
What does modularity mean?
Modularity is now generally recognized as a fundamental feature of organisms, one that may
have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of …
have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of …
Evolutionary covariation in geometric morphometric data: analyzing integration, modularity, and allometry in a phylogenetic context
Quantifying integration and modularity of evolutionary changes in morphometric traits is
crucial for understanding how organismal shapes evolve. For this purpose, comparative …
crucial for understanding how organismal shapes evolve. For this purpose, comparative …
Evolution and development of shape: integrating quantitative approaches
Morphological traits have long been a focus of evolutionary developmental biology ('evo-
devo'), but new methods for quantifying shape variation are opening unprecedented …
devo'), but new methods for quantifying shape variation are opening unprecedented …
Evaluating modularity in morphometric data: challenges with the RV coefficient and a new test measure
Modularity describes the case where patterns of trait covariation are unevenly dispersed
across traits. Specifically, trait correlations are high and concentrated within subsets of …
across traits. Specifically, trait correlations are high and concentrated within subsets of …
A method for assessing phylogenetic least squares models for shape and other high-dimensional multivariate data
Studies of evolutionary correlations commonly use phylogenetic regression (ie, independent
contrasts and phylogenetic generalized least squares) to assess trait covariation in a …
contrasts and phylogenetic generalized least squares) to assess trait covariation in a …
Signatures of echolocation and dietary ecology in the adaptive evolution of skull shape in bats
Morphological diversity may arise rapidly as a result of adaptation to novel ecological
opportunities, but early bursts of trait evolution are rarely observed. Rather, models of …
opportunities, but early bursts of trait evolution are rarely observed. Rather, models of …
[PDF][PDF] Cranial integration and modularity: insights into evolution and development from morphometric data
Morphological integration and modularity have become central concepts in evolutionary
biology and geometric morphometrics. This review summarizes the most frequently used …
biology and geometric morphometrics. This review summarizes the most frequently used …
Mosaic evolution of the skull in labrid fishes involves differences in both tempo and mode of morphological change
Modularity is a ubiquitous feature of organismal design that plays an important role in
structuring patterns of morphological diversification. Modularity can facilitate evolutionary …
structuring patterns of morphological diversification. Modularity can facilitate evolutionary …
Assessing trait covariation and morphological integration on phylogenies using evolutionary covariance matrices
Morphological integration describes the degree to which sets of organismal traits covary with
one another. Morphological covariation may be evaluated at various levels of biological …
one another. Morphological covariation may be evaluated at various levels of biological …