The fifth generation (5G) cellular communication system is designed to support Time
Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Round-Trip Time (RTT), and Direction of Arrival (DOA) …

This paper studies the Dilution of Precision (DOP) in the Time-of-arrival (ToA)-based
localization of targets outside the anchors' convex hull. In the far-away target regime, we …

This study focused on the positioning performance of 3-D angle-of-arrival (AOA) localization.
Although the positioning performance is known to be influenced by the sensor-target …

Featured Application User terminal positioning based on the 5G system or other ground-
based wireless systems. Abstract Cellular communication systems support mobile phones …

The paper focuses on the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA)-based direction estimation of
plane wave from a signal-emitting source by spatial array. In order to avoid the potential …

The multi-station direction finding and cross positioning method is often used in three-
dimensional passive detection system when the measurement information only has DOA …

This paper focuses on the positioning performance of 3D Time of Arrival (TOA) localization.
The performance of TOA localization varies with the target's position, yet the analytical laws …

Due to the characteristics of measurement datum distribution, the altitude positioning error of
GPS (Global Positioning System) is relatively large. This study discusses a differential …

The issue of aircraft tracking using passive sensors with poor measurement precision and a
variable update rate is investigated. First, the need for a time‐dependent Markov chain …

Development of navigation satellites systems as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and Beidou has
increased the accuracy and reliability. On the other hand, by employing more satellites, the …