Adventitious roots are plant roots that form from any nonroot tissue and are produced both
during normal development (crown roots on cereals and nodal roots on strawberry [Fragaria …

Although silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, it is not
considered an essential element for plant nutrition. However, both research results and …

Background Jasmonates are ubiquitously occurring lipid-derived compounds with signal
functions in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as in plant growth and …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have multifaceted roles in the orchestration of plant gene
expression and gene-product regulation. Cellular redox homeostasis is considered to be an …

Plants use inducible defence mechanisms to fend off harmful organisms. Resistance that is
induced in response to local attack is often expressed systemically, that is, in organs that are …

Jasmonic acid (JA) and its biologically active derivatives (bioactive JAs) perform a critical
role in regulating plant responses to wound stress. The perception of bioactive JAs by the F …

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) provides enhanced, long-lasting systemic immunity to
secondary infection by a range of biotrophic, hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens …

Silicon (Si) application shows beneficial effects on plant growth; however, its effects on the
phytohormone and enzymatic antioxidant regulation have not been fully understood. We …

Jasmonate (JA) and its amino acid conjugate, jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), play important
roles in regulating plant defense responses to insect herbivores. Recent studies indicate that …

Stomata play a pivotal role in the regulation of gas exchange in flowering plants and are
distributed throughout the aerial epidermis. In leaves, the pattern of stomatal distribution is …