Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

Five decades ago, seminal studies positioned the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC)
norepinephrine (NE) system as a key substrate for the regulation of wakefulness and sleep …

The neural mechanisms underlying memory regulation during sleep are not yet fully
understood. We found that melanin concentrating hormone–producing neurons (MCH …

Abstract Purpose of Review Since the formal discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
in 1953, we have gained a vast amount of knowledge regarding the specific populations of …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct, homeostatically controlled brain state
characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) in combination with paralysis of …

Narcolepsy is a chronic, debilitating neurological disorder of sleep-wake state instability.
This instability underlies all narcolepsy symptoms, including excessive daytime sleepiness …

Sleep-wake and fasting-feeding are tightly coupled behavioral states that require
coordination between several brain regions. The mammalian lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a …

Physiological rapid eye movement (REM) sleep termination is vital for initiating non-REM
(NREM) sleep or arousal, whereas the suppression of excessive REM sleep is promising in …

Ambient temperature (T a) warming toward the high end of the thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
preferentially increases rapid eye movement (REM) sleep over non-REM (NREM) sleep …

Sleep-wake control is dependent upon multiple brain areas widely distributed throughout
the neural axis. Historically, the monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons of the ascending …