Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused
by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and …

The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is fundamental for survival and health. Diabetes
develops when glucose homeostasis fails. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin …

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the failure of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells (or β-
cell death) due to either autoimmunity (type 1 diabetes mellitus) or failure to compensate for …

Insulin, a hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells, has a primary function of maintaining
glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies in β-cell insulin secretion result in the development of …

An increased life span and accompanying nutritional affluency have led to a rapid increase
in diseases associated with aging, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, imposing a …

The discovery of insulin in 1921 has been one of greatest scientific achievements of the 20th
century. Since then, the availability of insulin has shifted the focus of diabetes treatment from …

Biosynthesis of insulin–critical to metabolic homeostasis–begins with folding of the
proinsulin precursor, including formation of three evolutionarily conserved intramolecular …

Obesity challenges lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The resulting glucolipotoxicity
causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction, provoking the accumulation of immature …

Pancreatic β-cells are prone to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to their role in insulin
secretion. They require sustainable and efficient adaptive stress responses to cope with this …

Aims/hypothesis Pancreatic beta cell dedifferentiation, transdifferentiation into other islet
cells and apoptosis have been implicated in beta cell failure in type 2 diabetes, although the …