In the course of the twentieth century, social scientists and policy analysts have produced a
large volume of literature on whether policies boost fertility. This paper describes the results …

Objectives Along with the development of the times and progress of the society, the total
fertility rate (TFR) markedly changed in each country. Therefore, it is critical to describe the …

This paper reviews research on education and childbearing in Europe over the last decade.
Early demographic research attributed declining fertility in advanced economies in the …

South Korea and other developed regions in East Asia have become forerunners of
prolonged lowest-low fertility. South Korea's total fertility rate has been below 1.3 for two …

With historically similar patterns of high and stable cohort fertility and high levels of gender
equality, the Nordic countries of Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland are seen …

The ongoing period fertility decline in the Nordic countries is particularly strong in Finland,
where the total fertility rate (TFR) reached an all-time low of 1.41 in 2018. We analyse the …

The percentage of people without children over their lifetime is approximately 25% in men
and 20% in women. Individual diseases have been linked to childlessness, mostly in …

BACKGROUND Childlessness has increased in many European countries. Partnerships
and parenthood are obviously closely related, but there is relatively little knowledge on how …

Most research on trends in socio-economic fertility differences has focused on cohort total
fertility and on women. This study aimed to analyse how cohort trends in parity-specific …

On 22 May 2015, the 'Marriage Equality Referendum'in Ireland showed clear support for the
recognition of marriage as a contract between two individuals irrespective of their sex, with …