Impurity do** is a promising method to impart new properties to various materials. Due to
their unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties, rare-earth ions have been …

The design of nanoparticles is critical for their efficient use in many applications ranging from
biomedicine to sensing and energy. While shape and size are responsible for the properties …

Luminescence-based techniques continue to attract considerable attention due not only to
their current range of applications but also to their wide potential in the fields of optical …

Theranostics is a concept of integrating imaging and therapy into a single platform for use in
the next generation of personalized medicine to meet the challenges in modern health …

Nanoparticles are generally defined as any particulate material for which at least one
dimension lies in the range of 1− 100 nm. 1− 3 They can exist in various shapes, such as …

In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released an important report entitled
“Innovation/Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical …

Upconversion (UC) refers to nonlinear optical processes in which the sequential absorption
of two or more photons leads to the emission of light at shorter wavelength than the …

Luminescent materials, also called phosphors, are defined as solids that can absorb and
convert certain types of energy into radiation of light.(1) Among all kinds of phosphors, rare …

Lanthanide ions exhibit unique luminescent properties, including the ability to convert near
infrared long-wavelength excitation radiation into shorter visible wavelengths through a …

Rare-earth upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs), when excited by continuous-wave near-
infrared light, exhibit a unique narrow photoluminescence with higher energy. Such special …