The evolution of active regions (AR) from their emergence through their long decay process
is of fundamental importance in solar physics. Since large-scale flux is generated by the …

Sunspots are the most readily visible manifestations of solar magnetic field concentrations
and of their interaction with the Sun's plasma. Although sunspots have been extensively …

In this review we give an overview about the current state-of-knowledge of the magnetic field
in sunspots from an observational point of view. We start by offering a brief description of …

Arguments for and against the widely accepted picture of a solar dynamo being seated in
the tachocline are reviewed, and alternative ideas concerning dynamos operating in the …

There has been a revolution in understanding the nature of the Sun's atmosphere that has
been stimulated by high-resolution satellite observations together with the realisation that …

Hinode is Japan's third solar mission following Hinotori (1981–1982) and Yohkoh (1991–
2001): it was launched on 2006 September 22 and is in operation currently. Hinode carries …

We review our current understanding of sunspots from the scales of their fine structure to
their large scale (global) structure including the processes of their formation and decay …

We interpret penumbral filaments as due to convection in field-free, radially aligned gaps
just below the visible surface of the penumbra, intruding into a nearly potential field above …

The magnetic and kinematic configuration of sunspot penumbrae is investigated by
performing an inversion of the Stokes profiles of three infrared lines at 1565 nm. We use a …

While sunspots are easily observed at the solar surface, determining their subsurface
structure is not trivial. There are two main hypotheses for the subsurface structure of …