External genitalia development occurs through a combination of hormone independent,
hormone dependent, and endocrine pathways. Perturbation of these pathways can lead to …

The combined result of the mechanisms of sex determination and sex differentiation is the
sex ratio of a population. Because sex-related growth dimorphism in fish is quite common …

Teleost fishes exhibit complex sexual characteristics in response to androgens, such as fin
enlargement and courtship display. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their …

Many fields of biology—including vertebrate Evo‐Devo research—are facing an explosion of
genomic and transcriptomic sequence information and a multitude of fish species are now …

Research across species has led to important discoveries on the functions of steroid
hormones in the regulation of behavior. However, like in many fields, advancements in …

The biology of masculinization is fundamentally important for understanding the embryonic
developmental processes that are involved in the development of the male reproductive …

Endocrine disrupting chemicals can affect normal hormone dependent processes through
numerous mechanisms, including ligand mimicky. 17β-Trenbolone (TB), a pharmaceutical …

Androgens play an important role in male sexual differentiation and development. They
exert their function by binding to and activating the androgen receptor (Ar), a member of the …

Similar to other vertebrates, androgens regulate spermatogenesis in fishes. In teleosts, the
main androgen is 11-Ketotestosterone (11-KT), which is oxidized testosterone (T) at the C …

External genitalia are anatomical structures located at the posterior embryonic region as part
of several urogenital/reproductive organs. The embryonic anlage of the external genitalia …