Atherosclerosis is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading
cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease driven by traditional and
nontraditional risk factors. Genome-wide association combined with clonal lineage tracing …

The concept of cell death has been expanded beyond apoptosis and necrosis to additional
forms, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These cell death …

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are a major cell type present at all stages of an
atherosclerotic plaque. According to the 'response to injury'and 'vulnerable …

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key participants in both early and late-stage
atherosclerosis. VSMCs invade the early atherosclerotic lesion from the media, expanding …

Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification,
depending on the site (s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular …

The cushioning function of large arteries encompasses distension during systole and recoil
during diastole which transforms pulsatile flow into a steady flow in the microcirculation …

Aortic aneurysm is a vascular disease whereby the ECM (extracellular matrix) of a blood
vessel degenerates, leading to dilation and eventually vessel wall rupture. Recently, it was …

Atherosclerosis, one of the life-threatening cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), has been
demonstrated to be a chronic inflammatory disease, and inflammatory and immune …

Pathological vascular wall remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes of the
vessel wall that occur in response to injury that eventually leads to cardiovascular disease …