Internet and social media have revolutionised the way news is distributed and consumed.
However, the constant flow of massive amounts of content has made it difficult to discern …

Recent years have witnessed the proliferation of offensive content online such as fake news,
propaganda, misinformation, and disinformation. While initially this was mostly about textual …

Abstract'Fake news' refers to the misinformation presented about issues or events, such as
COVID-19. Meanwhile, social media giants claimed to take COVID-19 related …

Fake news on social networks is a challenging problem due to the rapid dissemination and
volume of information, as well as the ease of creating and sharing content anonymously …

Fake news can rapidly spread through internet users and can deceive a large audience.
Due to those characteristics, they can have a direct impact on political and economic events …

The use of disinformation and misinformation campaigns in the media has attracted much
attention from academics and policy-makers. Multimodal analysis or the analysis of two or …

Social media news are most important in today's worlds, it puts positive or negative influence
on social views. There is a wide propagation of fake news on social media so it will be …

Social media play a significant role in communicating information across the globe,
connecting with loved ones, getting the news, communicating ideas, etc. However, a group …

Harmful or abusive online content has been increasing over time, raising concerns for social
media platforms, government agencies, and policymakers. Such harmful or abusive content …

The primary motivation behind the spread of fake news is to convince the readers to believe
false information related to certain events or entities. Human cognition tends to consume …