Membranes have been extensively studied and applied in various fields owing to their high
energy efficiency and small environmental impact. Further conferring membranes with …

Wound healing is characterized by complex, orchestrated, spatiotemporal dynamic
processes. Recent findings demonstrated suitable local microenvironments were …

Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer that gained
lots of interest in recent years. PAA nano-derivatives can be obtained by chemical …

Chitosan (CS), the second most plentiful natural polysaccharide next to cellulose, has
valuable characteristics including biocompatibility, nontoxicity and biodegradability. CS is …

Alginates are anionic, hydrophilic polysaccharides that are derived from brown seaweeds
and bacteria. The chemical structure contains β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-guluronic …

Oral administration is a desirable alternative of parenteral administration due to the
convenience and increased compliance to patients, especially for chronic diseases that …

Abstract pH-responsive polymers contain ionic functional groups as pendants in their
structure. The total number of charged groups on polymer chains determines the overall …

Among modern drug formulations, stimuli-responsive hydrogels also called “smart
hydrogels” deserve a special attention. The basic feature of this system is the ability to …

Pullulan (PUL) has recently gained relevance due to its versatility in commercial
applications such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. It is a fungal exopolysaccharide …

To adapt to the changes in nature, living systems adjust their structure and function
according to the environmental conditions. Scientists are inspired by nature and try to create …