Globally, human immunodeficiency virus–type 1 (HIV-1) is extraordinarily variable, and this
diversity poses a major obstacle to AIDS vaccine development. Currently, candidate …

The proteasome is an essential part of our immune surveillance mechanisms: by generating
peptides from intracellular antigens it provides peptides that are then'presented'to T cells …

Radiotherapy is one of the most successful cancer therapies. Here the effect of irradiation on
antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules was studied. Cell surface expression of …

Evolutionary modelling studies indicate less than a century has passed since the most
recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains and, in that time frame, an …

The final pathway of β cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and
clinical type 1 diabetes is unknown. Here we show that circulating CTLs can kill β cells via …

The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) degrades intracellular proteins into peptide
fragments that can be presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I …

Over the past decade there has been considerable progress in understanding how MHC
class I-presented peptides are generated. The emerging theme is that the immune system …

Type 1 diabetes is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, and insulin is an important target
of the autoimmune response associated with β cell destruction. The mechanism of …

Mutations within cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes impair T cell recognition, but escape
mutations arising in flanking regions that alter antigen processing have not been defined in …

The proteasome system is a central component of a cascade of proteolytic processing steps
required to generate antigenic peptides presented at the cell surface to cytotoxic T …