Commensalisms, interactions between two species in which one species benefits and the
other experiences no net effect, are frequently mentioned in the ecological literature but are …

Ants and plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are among the most abundant
interacting organisms in the Neotropics, being considered excellent models for studies of …

Like predation and competition, mutualism is now recognized as a consumer–resource (C–
R) interaction, including, in particular, bi‐directional (eg, coral, plant–mycorrhizae) and uni …

Context dependency, variation in the outcome of species interactions with biotic and abiotic
conditions, is increasingly considered ubiquitous among mutualisms. Despite several …

Ecology Letters (2009) 12: 1357–1366 Abstract Interactions between two populations are
often defined by their interaction outcomes; that is, the positive, neutral, or negative effects of …

Temporal variation has been one remarkable feature of ecological interactions. In ant–plant
mutualism, this variation is widely known, although little is understood about the …

Mutualisms provide benefits to interacting species, but they also involve costs. If costs come
to exceed benefits as population density or the frequency of encounters between species …

Plant-animal interactions occur in a community context of dynamic and complex ecological
interactive networks. The understanding of who interacts with whom is a basic information …

In this study, we evaluated the effects of the secretory activity of nectaries on multitrophic
interactions involving ants and herbivores foraging on individuals of Prosopis laevigata …

Mounting evidence indicates that trade-offs between plant defense and reproduction arise
not only from resource allocation but also from interactions among mutualists. Indirect costs …