Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are abundant genetic elements that encode a toxin
protein capable of inhibiting cell growth and an antitoxin that counteracts the toxin. The …

Persisters are transiently tolerant variants that allow populations to avoid eradication by
antibiotic treatment. Their antibiotic tolerance is non-genetic, not inheritable and results from …

All bacteria form persisters, cells that are multidrug tolerant and therefore able to survive
antibiotic treatment. Due to the low frequencies of persisters in growing bacterial cultures …

Bacterial gene expression depends not only on specific regulatory mechanisms, but also on
bacterial growth, because important global parameters such as the abundance of RNA …

Persisters are nongrowing, transiently antibiotic-tolerant bacteria within a clonal population
of otherwise susceptible cells. Their formation is triggered by environmental cues and …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are ubiquitous gene loci among bacteria and are comprised of
a toxin part and its cognate antitoxin part. Under normal physiological conditions, antitoxin …

In the face of antibiotics, bacterial populations avoid extinction by harboring a subpopulation
of dormant cells that are largely drug insensitive. This phenomenon, termed “persistence,” is …

Quantitative empirical relationships between cell composition and growth rate played an
important role in the early days of microbiology. Gradually, the focus of the field began to …

Introduction Understanding how bacteria harboring antibiotic resistance grow in the
presence of antibiotics is critical for predicting the spread and evolution of drug resistance …

When microorganisms are exposed to lethal agents, the initial exponential decay in survival
is typically followed by a slower decrease. This tailing of the survival curve is due to persister …