Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

People are capable of robust evaluations of their decisions: they are often aware of their
mistakes even without explicit feedback, and report levels of confidence in their decisions …

People are often aware of their mistakes, and report levels of confidence in their choices that
correlate with objective performance. These metacognitive assessments of decision quality …

Metacognition is the capacity to evaluate the success of one's own cognitive processes in
various domains; for example, memory and perception. It remains controversial whether …

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and especially anterior cingulate cortex is central to
higher cognitive function and many clinical disorders, yet its basic function remains in …

Coordinated interactions between the central and autonomic nervous systems are crucial for
survival due to the inherent propensity for human behavior to make errors. In our ever …

According to a recent theory, anterior cingulate cortex is sensitive to response conflict, the
coactivation of mutually incompatible responses. The present research develops this theory …

Emotions are multifaceted, but a key aspect of emotion involves the assessment of the value
of environmental stimuli. This article reviews the many psychological representations …

The error negativity (Ne/ERN) and error positivity (Pe) are two components of the event-
related brain potential (ERP) that are associated with action monitoring and error detection …

Empirical evidence indicates that people can provide accurate evaluations of their own
thoughts and actions by means of both error detection and confidence judgments. This study …