Neuropathic pain is caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system, including
peripheral fibres (Aβ, Aδ and C fibres) and central neurons, and affects 7–10% of the …

Placebo and Nocebo Effects Placebo and nocebo effects (effects of patients' positive and
negative expectations) are powerful and pervasive in clinical practice. Neurobiologic …

Placebo effects are beneficial effects that are attributable to the brain–mind responses to the
context in which a treatment is delivered rather than to the specific actions of the drug. They …

For many years, placebos have been defined by their inert content and their use as controls
in clinical trials and treatments in clinical practice. Recent research shows that placebo …

Our understanding and conceptualization of the placebo effect has shifted in emphasis from
a focus on the inert content of a physical placebo agent to the overall simulation of a …

Adverse nocebo responses can cause harm to patients and interfere with treatment
adherence and effects in both clinic practice and clinical trials. Nocebo responses refer to …

Evidence from behavioral and self-reported data suggests that the patients' beliefs and
expectations can shape both therapeutic and adverse effects of any given drug. We …

Our understanding of the mechanisms mediating or moderating the placebo response to
medicines has grown substantially over the past decade and offers the opportunity to …

1Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, 10125 Turin, Italy,
2Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia …

Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry,
anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can …