Perineal trauma after vaginal birth is common, with approximately 9 of 10 women being
affected. Second-degree perineal tears are twice as likely to occur in primiparous births, with …

Background The pain that women experience during labour is affected by multiple
physiological and psychosocial factors and its intensity can vary greatly. Most women in …

Background Most vaginal births are associated with trauma to the genital tract. The morbidity
associated with perineal trauma can be significant, especially when it comes to third‐and …

Background Our aim was to describe the range of perineal trauma in women with a
singleton vaginal birth and estimate the effect of maternal and obstetric characteristics on the …

This classic book, first published in 1992 and again in 2003, has inspired three generations
of childbearing people, birth activists and researchers, and birth practitioners—midwives …

Background It is more common for women in both high‐and low‐income countries giving
birth in health facilities, to labour in bed. There is no evidence that this is associated with any …

Background It is believed that giving birth in an upright position is beneficial for both mother
and the infant for several physiologic reasons. An upright positioning helps the uterus to …

Encourage women not using epidural analgesia to adopt upright or lateral positions in the
second stage of labour as this reduces the need for assisted vaginal birth. Grade of …

Pelvic floor disorders after childbirth have distressing lifelong consequences for women,
requiring more than 300,000 women to have surgery annually. This represents …

Background The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of second-degree perineal
tears, obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASI), and high vaginal tears in primiparous women …