In critically ill patients, fluid infusion is aimed at increasing cardiac output and tissue
perfusion. However, it may contribute to fluid overload which may be harmful. Thus, volume …

Purpose We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating the
passive leg raising (PLR)-induced changes in cardiac output (CO) and in arterial pulse …

Objective Circulatory shock is a life-threatening syndrome resulting in multiorgan failure and
a high mortality rate. The aim of this consensus is to provide support to the bedside clinician …

Objective: To establish evidence-based guidelines for the use of bedside cardiac
ultrasound, echocardiography, in the ICU and equivalent care sites. Methods: Grading of …

Importance Fluid overload occurring as a consequence of overly aggressive fluid
resuscitation may adversely affect outcome in hemodynamically unstable critically ill …

Recent guidelines have been published providing detailed guidance on specific
echocardiographic diagnostic criteria for measurements of diastolic function, chamber …

Background Focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) is a simplified, clinician-performed
application of echocardiography that is rapidly expanding in use, especially in emergency …

Background Stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) are basic hemodynamic
parameters which aid in targeting organ perfusion and oxygen delivery in critically ill …

The clinical determination of the intravascular volume can be extremely difficult in critically ill
and injured patients as well as those undergoing major surgery. This is problematic because …

Objective: Passive leg raising creates a reversible increase in venous return allowing for the
prediction of fluid responsiveness. However, the amount of venous return may vary in …