Many research questions in Earth and environmental sciences are inherently causal,
requiring robust analyses to establish whether and how changes in one variable cause …

Climate change has been partially mitigated by an increasing net land carbon sink in the
terrestrial biosphere; understanding the processes that drive this sink is thus essential for …

Compound drought–heatwave (CDHW) events are one of the worst climatic stressors for
global sustainable development. However, the physical mechanisms behind CDHWs and …

Arctic permafrost stores nearly 1,700 billion metric tons of frozen and thawing carbon.
Anthropogenic warming threatens to release an unknown quantity of this carbon to the …

The enhanced vegetation productivity driven by increased concentrations of carbon dioxide
(CO2)[ie, the CO2 fertilization effect (CFE)] sustains an important negative feedback on …

The ratio of carbon assimilation to water evapotranspiration (ET) of an ecosystem, referred to
as ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEeco), is widely expected to increase because of the …

We introduce Version 2 of our widely used 1-km Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps
for historical and future climate conditions. The historical maps (encompassing 1901–1930 …

Uncertainties surrounding tree carbon allocation to growth are a major limitation to
projections of forest carbon sequestration and response to climate change. The prevalence …

Vegetation modulates Earth's water, energy and carbon cycles. How its functions might
change in the future largely depends on how it copes with droughts,,–. There is evidence …

Both low soil water content (SWC) and high atmospheric dryness (vapor pressure deficit,
VPD) can negatively affect terrestrial gross primary production (GPP). The sensitivity of GPP …