Many research questions in Earth and environmental sciences are inherently causal,
requiring robust analyses to establish whether and how changes in one variable cause …

Climate change has been partially mitigated by an increasing net land carbon sink in the
terrestrial biosphere; understanding the processes that drive this sink is thus essential for …

We introduce Version 2 of our widely used 1-km Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps
for historical and future climate conditions. The historical maps (encompassing 1901–1930 …

Compound drought–heatwave (CDHW) events are one of the worst climatic stressors for
global sustainable development. However, the physical mechanisms behind CDHWs and …

Regardless of annual rainfall amount changes, daily rainfall events are becoming more
intense but less frequent with anthropogenic warming. Larger rainfall events and longer dry …

Arctic permafrost stores nearly 1,700 billion metric tons of frozen and thawing carbon.
Anthropogenic warming threatens to release an unknown quantity of this carbon to the …

Accurate and cost-effective quantification of the carbon cycle for agroecosystems at decision-
relevant scales is critical to mitigating climate change and ensuring sustainable food …

Vegetation indices computed from spectral signatures are vastly used for monitoring the
terrestrial biosphere. Indices are convenient proxies for canopy structure, and leaf pigment …