Engaging in metacognition (evaluating, controlling, and representing cognitive states) is
paramount for efficient behaviour. In this Review, we examine different types of cognitive …

Metacognition–the ability to monitor one's own decisions and representations, their accuracy
and uncertainty–is considered a hallmark of intelligent behavior. Little is known about …

Human perceptual decisions are often described as optimal. Critics of this view have argued
that claims of optimality are overly flexible and lack explanatory power. Meanwhile …

Decisions vary in difficulty. Humans know this and typically report more confidence in easy
than in difficult decisions. However, confidence reports do not perfectly track decision …

Expectations are a critical factor in determining actions in a great variety of economic
interactions. Hence, being able to measure beliefs is important in many economic …

Humans can meaningfully report their confidence in a perceptual or cognitive decision. It is
widely believed that these reports reflect the Bayesian probability that the decision is correct …

Metacognitive judgments of performance can be retrospective (such as confidence in past
choices) or prospective (such as a prediction of success). Several lines of evidence indicate …

Metacognition is defined as the capacity to monitor and control one's own cognitive
processes. Recently, Carpenter and colleagues (2019) reported that metacognitive …

Metaperception is the self-monitoring and self-control of one's own perception. Perceptual
confidence is the prototypical example of metaperception. Perceptual confidence refers to …

Over the past two decades, experimental economics has moved from a fringe activity to
become a standard tool for empirical research. With experimental economics now regarded …