Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) perform a variety of important
physiological functions, but it is their role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, such as natural …

Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) consist of complex mixtures of straight-chain alkanes
and alkenes, and methyl-branched hydrocarbons. In addition to restricting water loss …

Despite the substantial progress achieved in the characterization of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-
based resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes, a number of questions remain unanswered …

The large and diverse P450 (CYP) superfamily encodes enzymes with a wide spectrum of
monooxygenase and related activities. Insect P450 enzymes of the CYP4G subfamily are …

Abstract The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) comprises some of the most
polyphagous and destructive agricultural pests worldwide. The success of many species of …

The putative synergistic action of target-site mutations and enhanced detoxification in
pyrethroid resistance in insects has been hypothesized as a major evolutionary mechanism …

Mealybugs are highly aggressive to a diversity of plants. The waxy layer covering the
outermost part of the integument is an important protective defense of these pests. However …

Background Insecticides formulated into products that target Anopheles mosquitos have had
an immense impact on reducing malaria cases in Africa. However, resistance to currently …

BACKGROUND Cuticle penetration plays an important role as a mechanism of insecticide
resistance, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In Blattella …

Contact insecticides are primarily used for the control of Anopheles malaria vectors. These
chemicals penetrate mosquito legs and other appendages; the first barriers to reaching their …