Background and Objectives: The tumor microenvironment has been widely implicated in
tumorigenesis because it harbors tumor cells that interact with surrounding cells through the …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

Tumours grow within an intricate network of epithelial cells, vascular and lymphatic vessels,
cytokines and chemokines, and infiltrating immune cells. Different types of infiltrating …

Cancers are not just masses of malignant cells but complex 'rogue'organs, to which many
other cells are recruited and can be corrupted by the transformed cells. Interactions between …

GATA3 is a transcription factor important in the differentiation of breast epithelia, urothelia,
and subsets of T lymphocytes. It has been suggested to be useful in the evaluation of …

Cancer immunoediting explains the dual role by which the immune system can both
suppress and/or promote tumor growth. Although cancer immunoediting was first …

Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target programmed cell death protein-
1/programmed cell death ligand-1 axis have significantly shifted the treatment paradigm in …

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women of Western countries and is
the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The breast tumor microenvironment contains …

Despite advances in our understanding of breast cancer, patients with metastatic disease
have poor prognoses. GATA3 is a transcription factor that specifies and maintains mammary …

Although immune-based therapy is proving to be a success in several cancer types, only a
set of patients appear to respond to immune checkpoint blockade including PD-1 and CTLA …