A male bias in mortality has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, which is consistent with
the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Biological sex differences may manifest …

Metabolic homeostasis operates differently in men and women. This sex asymmetry is the
result of evolutionary adaptations that enable women to resist loss of energy stores and …

This article provides a review of studies evaluating the role of host (and viral) genetics
(including variation in HLA genes) in the immune response to coronaviruses, as well as the …

Organisms evolve in response to their natural environment. Consideration of natural
ecological parameters are thus of key importance for our understanding of an organism's …

Pleiotropy refers to the phenomenon of one gene or one mutation affecting multiple
phenotypic traits. While the concept of pleiotropy is as old as Mendelian genetics, functional …

The brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are a group of multicellular heterokonts that are
ubiquitous in today's oceans. Large brown algae from multiple orders are the foundation to …

Although it is being successfully implemented for exploration of the genome, discovery
science has eluded the functional neuroimaging community. The core challenge remains …

Sexual reproduction is a fundamental aspect of life. It is defined by the occurrence of meiosis
and the fusion of two gametes of different sexes or mating types. Sex-determination …

Current theory proposes that degenerated sex chromosomes—such as the mammalian Y—
evolve through three steps:(i) recombination arrest, linking male-beneficial alleles to the Y …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …