Additive manufacturing has attracted much attention in the last decade as a principal
growing sector of complex manufacturing. Precise layer-by-layer patterning of materials …

Shape memory polymer (SMP) is an excellent smart material, which can sense and perform
active shape change as preprogrammed. So far, there are a wide variety of stimulus …

Piezoelectric devices integrated into physiological systems can be used effectively for
biomedical applications such as sensing biological forces, self-powering biomedical …

Nature frequently serves as an inspiration for modern robotics innovations that emphasize
secure human–machine interaction. However, the advantages of increased automation and …

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are polymers which''remember''their original shape and
can return to it after deformation, if an external stimulus—often an increased temperature–is …

Abstract 4D printing is an advanced manufacturing technology that combines the
convenience of additive manufacturing and uses stimuli-responsive materials, which has …

Direct Writing (DW), also known as Robocasting, is an extrusion-based layer-by-layer
manufacturing technique suitable for manufacturing complex geometries. Different types of …

Abstract 4D printing, the integration of time-dependent shape morphing ability and additive
manufacturing technologies, has opened up new possibilities for creating dynamic and …

Rapid progress in material science and nanotechnology has led to the development of the
shape memory alloys (SMA) and the shape memory polymers (SMP) based functional …

Soft multifunctional materials allow for mechanical sensing or actuation as a response to
multiple physical stimuli, while providing material stiffness that mimic soft biological tissues …