Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive intermediates of molecular oxygen that act as
important second messengers within the cells; however, an imbalance between generation …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular
diseases, are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the …

IL-1β production is critically regulated by cytosolic molecular complexes, termed
inflammasomes. Different inflammasome complexes have been described to date. While all …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent regulatory cytokine with diverse effects on
hemopoietic cells. The pivotal function of TGF-β in the immune system is to maintain …

Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), which arise due to oxidative stress, are proinflammatory
and proatherogenic, but their roles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are unknown …

Complex interplay between T helper (Th) cells and macrophages contributes to the
formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. While Th1 cytokines promote …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive
immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall driven by innate and
adaptive immune responses. Inflammation controls the development and the destabilization …

There is increasing evidence that an ongoing cytokine-induced acute-phase response
(sometimes called low-grade inflammation, but part of a widespread activation of the innate …

Multiple lung pathogens such as chemical agents, H5N1 avian flu, or SARS cause high
lethality due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here we report that Toll-like receptor 4 …