Zooplankton are major consumers of phytoplankton primary production in marine
ecosystems. As such, they represent a critical link for energy and matter transfer between …

The past 30 years have seen several paradigm shifts in our understanding of how ocean
ecosystems function. Now recent technological advances add to an overwhelming body of …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Abstract An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 C above pre-
industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of …

High-latitude ecosystems are among the fastest warming on the planet. Polar species may
be sensitive to warming and ice loss, but data are scarce and evidence is conflicting,–. Here …

The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in regulating global climate as a major sink for
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and in global ocean biogeochemistry by supplying …

Over the past 37 years, satellite records show an increase in Antarctic sea ice cover that is
most pronounced in the period of sea ice growth. This trend is dominated by increased sea …

Krill habitats in the Southern Ocean are impacted by changing climate conditions, reduced
sea ice and rising temperatures. These changes, in turn, affect krill occurrence, physiology …

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2015 Page 1 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society Vol. 97, No. 8, August 2016 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2015 Page 2 …

Abstract The Southern Ocean contributes substantially to the global biological carbon pump
(BCP). Salps in the Southern Ocean, in particular Salpa thompsoni, are important grazers …