Over 20 years ago, the pyrrolysine encoding translation system was discovered in specific
archaea. Our Review provides an overview of how the once obscure pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

From its start as a small‐scale in vitro system to study fundamental translation processes,
cell‐free protein synthesis quickly rose to become a potent platform for the high‐yield …

Since at least the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, genetic information has been
stored in a four-letter alphabet that is propagated and retrieved by the formation of two base …

Directed evolution of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) enables site-specific
installation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins. Traditional evolution …

The crystallization of microparticles with primarily single-stranded DNA can lead to more
ordered structures, in which the flexibility of the DNA design imparts several advantages …

Cell-free protein synthesis has emerged as a powerful approach for expanding the range of
genetically encoded chemistry into proteins. Unfortunately, efforts to site-specifically …

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are increasingly used in research and industrial
systems to produce high-value pharmaceuticals, fuels and chemicals. Genetic isolation and …

Expansion of the genetic code with nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs) has enabled
biosynthesis of proteins with diverse new chemistries. However, this technology has been …

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) therapeutics will provide personalized and mutation
specific medicines to treat human genetic diseases for which no cures currently exist. The …

Cell-free systems (CFS) have recently evolved into key platforms for synthetic biology
applications. Many synthetic biology tools have traditionally relied on cell-based systems …