Abstract Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) may be the busiest kinase in most cells, with
over 100 known substrates to deal with. How does GSK3 maintain control to selectively …

Lithium has been used for over half a century for the treatment of bipolar disorder as the
archetypal mood stabilizer, and has a wealth of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy in …

Valproic acid is widely used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and is also a potent
teratogen, but its mechanisms of action in any of these settings are unknown. We report that …

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a fascinating enzyme with an astoundingly diverse
number of actions in intracellular signaling systems. GSK3β activity is regulated by serine …

Mood disorders are common, chronic, recurrent mental illnesses that affect the lives of
millions of individuals worldwide. To date, the monoaminergic systems (serotonergic …

Studies at the basic and clinical levels demonstrate that neuronal atrophy and cell death
occur in response to stress and in the brains of depressed patients. Although the …

Adaptations at the cellular and molecular levels in response to stress and antidepressant
treatment could represent a form of neural plasticity that contributes to the pathophysiology …

Neurons, the basic information processing units of the nervous system, are characterized by
a complex polar morphology which is essential for their function. To attain their precise …

Lithium has been and continues to be the mainstay of bipolar disorder (BD)
pharmacotherapy for acute mood episodes, switch prevention, prophylactic treatment, and …

Glutamate and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) systems are emerging as targets for
development of medications for mood disorders. There is increasing preclinical and clinical …