Predictive coding is a key mechanism to understand the computational processes
underlying brain functioning: in a hierarchical network, higher levels predict the activity of …

Surround suppression (SS) is a phenomenon that a neuron's response to visual stimuli
within the classical receptive field (cRF) is suppressed by a concurrent stimulation in the …

Abstract Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) is a well-known central nervous system
stimulant that affects various brain functions such as attention, memory and sensation …

In biological vision, contextual modulation refers to the influence of a surround pattern on
either the perception of, or the neural responses to, a target pattern. One studied form of …

Visual perception is formed over time through the formation process and visual pathway.
Exercise improves visual perception, but it is unclear whether exercise modulates …

Alpha (8-12Hz) oscillations are ubiquitous in the human brain. For example, the cross-
correlation between temporally modulated white-noise visual stimuli and corresponding …

Perception of visual information highly depends on spatial context. For instance, perception
of a low‐level visual feature, such as orientation, can be shifted away from its surrounding …

In the classic tilt illusion, the perceived orientation of a center patch is shifted away from its
oriented context. Additionally, a stronger illusion effect is yielded when the center patch is …